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8. Adoption FAQ
8. ADOPTION-FAQ
Questions about adoption and gene growth
Metabolic adoption of genetic material from another speciesHumans have been able to replace the gene for a growth hormone in a mouse with the gene for a human growth hormone. That resulted in a viable mouse which was twice the size of normal mice, as can be seen in Figure 1. It is reasonable to assume that growth hormone is an essential gene (without which there would be no mouse). This clearly shows that the human growth hormone has been metabolically adopted by the mouse. This removes the foundation from the whole reasoning behind adoption.
Figure 1. a transgenetic mouse, Genetic Analysis pp. 480
Plants or animals which have received genetic material from a different species by genetic manipulation are called transgenetic. The case of transplanting a human growth hormone into a mouse is not a form of metabolic adoption. Metabolic adoption is the ‘loving’ adoption of a gene that has undergone functional adoption as a mechanism which should occur in living nature. In that sense, there is no metabolic adoption.‘Making’ the above transgenetic mouse is possible through the transplantation of a complete metabolism! Not only the human growth hormone, but also the promotors, the regulators, the repressors and other such things must be transplanted. It is then not adoption, in other words the taking up of and adding to, but the replacement of an existing metabolism. A child is not being adopted, it is being swapped! Apparently, there are enough correspondences between the human and mouse versions of the growth hormone to allow it to go well. And apparently people are able to acquire such insight and have access to such incredible intelligence that they are capable of such feats. However, this is about a goal-oriented, pre-planned, precisely worked out and guided process, based on years of experience and using highly advanced technologies, for which living nature has no equal (see the next answer under ‘general’). That an intelligent human is capable of this says something about humans (that he is intelligent), not about evolution. Figure 3, EOS Jan '97, pp. 42; a mouse with a human ear
humans can cross species Humans are capable of bringing about a cross between a sheep and a goat (a so-called ‘geep’, see Figure 4) and of causing a human ear to grow on the back of a mouse (see Figure 3). This shows that there is no fundamental difference between species or types. In principle, people could design new plants and animals that have never existed before, and if humans can do that within decades or, if necessary, hundreds of years, it can happen by itself over billions of years.
The mouseA human ear on the back of a mouse is possible because a mouse is used which (along with its hair) has lost its immune system (it lost the genes that build the immune system). That immune system, under normal conditions, is responsible for removing ‘foreign’ tissue from the body. The mouse no longer has such a system. The ear is a pre-fabricated shell, which is filled with human donor cells. These cells fill the ear-form and are fed by the skin on the mouse’s back. Slowly, the original structure is broken down and replaced by human cells. However, those cells do retain the shape of the ear. It is possible that such an ear could be transplanted back to the person who donated the human cells.All of this has nothing to do with our discussion. It would be a different matter if the mouse had the genes within itself to make a human ear and produce offspring which all had human ears on their backs.
The geepThe cross between a sheep and a goat happened because an eight-celled sheep embryo was joined with three eight-celled goat embryos. In the first stage of the embryo’s development, every cell can still grow into each specific cell which is necessary in the body (brain cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.). As a result of this joining, those parts of the ‘geep’ which come from the sheep embryo end up as sheep and those parts which come from the goat cells end as goat. The result is half-sheep, half-goat, but it must be added that it is a shaky animal. Furthermore it is also possible that sheep and goats can fertilize each other, but most of the time the embryo dies during development. In some rare cases though viable offspring is produced. And that is the only reason why a viable animal is the result of such a geep cross. Sheep and goats belong to the same original type of animal (see chapter 15). This would not work between a frog and an elephant.
Figure 4, The DNA makers; a geep
Such animals, which have four parents, are called chimeras. If the sheep-goat chimera would be able to have offspring, sheep and/or goats would come out. It just depends on which cells formed the sex organs. The offspring would never be a geep. That means that this human experimentation has nothing at all to do with evolution, which requires changes in the offspring to be able to be passed on.
GeneralThe human possibilities to create new species are much more limited than they appear. Humans also must work almost entirely from existing genetic material. Humans will never be able to make genes for new organs and place them in an organism in such a way that that organism receives functions which it never had before, something which mutation + natural selection are considered capable of.What humans can do, which does not occur in nature, is the implantation of genetic material from a different species, which can do something useful (for humans), such as producing human insulin in a sheep or a cow. To that end, the mechanisms which occur in nature are sometimes used, such as retroviruses. However, these must first be made suitable for the purpose humans intend them for. In combination with that, techniques are used which do not occur in nature at all, such as the particle-gun method (literally shooting DNA at cells), electroporation (administering an electric shock to a cell so that small pores appear in the cell membrane, through which new DNA can enter), or micro-injection (injecting DNA into an embryo with a very small syringe).What I mean to say is, humans are capable of breaking into the system and changing it. However, the way in which that happens can of course never serve as a model for macro-evolution and therefore also cannot be used as an argument in favor of it. [1] FAQ stands for Frequently Asked Questions