Aramaic Peshitta
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Aramaic Peshitta Bible Repository
page LXXVII - LXXXII
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Note 1. The Syriac word used where the Greek word means "was baptized," is AMAD.
Wichelhaus says, "It means, was immersed, and admirably expresses what baptism
properly is; it explains what the Apostles teach, that we are immersed, and
buried with Christ," (pg. 308.) He says also of Heb. vi. 4, where the Greek has,
"were once enlightened," "The Syriac has 'they descended to immersion,' from
which it appears, first, that the recently baptized were said to be enlightened;
and next, that those who were baptized descended into a bath." (pg. 332.) He
says also, "It appears from the Syriac words of 1st Peter iii. 21, meaning,
'when ye profess God with a pure conscience,' that a profession of God was made
in baptism." (pg. 332.)
Note 2. Wichelhaus remarks, that the Syriac word HAIMONUTHO, which is used where
the Greek has PISTIS, expresses "much more fully than" this Greek word does,
"the true idea of faith; it denotes that state of mind, in which.... the heart
places TRUST in what is most firm and certain." (pg. 329.) John xiv. 1, is an
illustration of the manner in which the Syriac sometimes gives a meaning which
is without ambiguity, when the meaning of the Greek is uncertain. A Greek word
is twice used, which in each case may either be a statement or a command. In the
common version it is once translated as a statement, once as a command : -- "Ye
BELIEVE in God, BELIEVE also in me." The Syriac has, "Trust in God, trust also
in me," which commends itself as being probably the true meaning.
Note 3. Wichelhaus says, "To all men who love truth, it is sufficiently evident
that in the letters of Paul, the office of bishop does not differ from the
office of elder. This is proved most clearly by the Syriac, in which [the Greek
words for] both bishop and elder are translated by the Syriac word KOSHISHO,
elder. By this testimony of the Syriac, those are refuted who say, persuading
themselves I know not how, that [modern] episcopacy was instituted by John. It
is most certain that in the time of the Syriac translator there was no episcopal
authority in the church." (pg. 331.)
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Candlestick, Heb. ix. 2, lamp-stand. Carnak, fleshly. Carriages, Acts xxi. 15,
baggage. Centurion, captain of a hundred foot-men. Chambering, Rom. xiii. 13,
deeds of bed-lust. Charger, Matt. xiv. 8, dish. Charity, love. Chasten, punish.
Christ, the Anointed. Church, (both in Syriac and Greek), assembly. (4.)
Circumcise, to cut the foreskin around. Cloven tongues, Acts ii. 3, tongues
divided into parts. Commend, Luke xxiii. 46, yield up; Rom. xvi. 1, recommend.
Commit, 1st Peter iv. 19, intrust. Commune, to share in common, but in Luke vi.
11; xxii. 4; xxiv. 15, talk, converse. Communicate, Gal. vi. 6, Heb. xiii. 16,
give gifts; Gal. ii. 2, to state something to (others.) Communication, 1st Cor.
xv. 33, companionship; Eph. iv. 29, talking with. Communion, 1st Cor. x. 16,
[sign of] common interest in; 2nd Cor. vi. 14, in common; xiii. 14, gift of, or
fellowship of (the Spirit.) Compassed with, Heb. v. 2, clothed with. Compassed
about, Heb. xi. 30, gone round. Comprehend, John i. 5, Eph. iii. 18, perceive;
Rom. xiii. 9, sum up. Conceive, James i. 15, become pregnant. Concision, Phil.
iii. 2, those who cut and kill. Conclude, Rom. xi. 32, Gal. iii. 22, inclose,
shut up. Concupiscence, Rom. vii. 8, covetousness, lawless desire. Conditions,
Luke xiv. 32, terms. Confer, take counsel with. Confess, sometimes, profess.
Confirm, Acts xiv. 22, make steadfast. Consecrated, Heb. vii. 28, perfected; x.
20, newly made. Consorted, Acts xvii. 4, joined their lot with. Constrain, 1st
Cor. vii. 9, have self-control. Conversation, 1st Peter i. 15, conduct, course
of conduct. Conversion, Acts xv. 3, turning to God. Convert, James v. 19, to
turn a person to God. Covered, Rom. iv. 7, (sins) forgiven.
Note 4. The Syriac word, as well as the Greek word, for what is commonly called
A CHURCH, means an assembly. Wichelhaus says that the Peshito describes it to be
"a congregation, an assembly, a meeting, in which some fill the office of
elders, others of servants."
Deacon, servant. Dearth, famine. Dedicate (a covenant), Heb. ix. 18, to make
binding, by killing and dividing some living creature. (5.) Defer, Acts xxiv.
22, to delay, to adjourn. Deliver to Satan, exclude from the Christian assembly.
(6.) Descent, Heb. vii. 3, family-record. Desolate, of a person, Rev. xvii. 16,
in want. Desolation of a country, Matt. xii. 25, likeness to a desert.
Despiteful, Rom. i. 30, full of spite or scorn. Determinate counsel, Acts ii.
23, fixed design. Devotions, Acts xvii. 23, objects of worship. Discern, judge
of, or between. Disciple, a submissive learner. Dispensation, stewardship.
Disputation, debate. Dissemble, feign. Dissimulation, pretence. Divination,
pretence to foretell events. Doctors, Luke ii. 46, teachers. Doctrine, teachment,
what is taught. Dominions, Col. i. 16, Lords. Draught, seat of relief. Dureth,
continues.
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Note 5. See the custom in Gen. xv. 9-18. Wichelhaus says, "The ancients
threatened men, that if they broke a covenant, they would be cut in pieces, as
the animals were cut in pieces over which it was customary to take the oath." He
suggests that the words "shall cut him asunder," Matt. xxiv. 51, probably refer
to this custom.
Note 6. The Greek, of 1st Cor. v. 3-5, implies that the WHOLE ASSEMBLY was to
deliver the person to Satan. Wichelhaus remarks that the Syriac uses the words,
"that YE deliver;" showing more fully that the act was to be that of the whole
assembly.
Earnest, a gift given to prove fulfilment sure, sure pledge. Easter, Passover.
Edify and edification, build up, building up. Effeminate, 1st Cor. vi. 9,
men-harlots. Elect and election, choose, choice. Emulation, Rom. xi. 14, zeal;
Gal. v. 20, rivalry. Ensample, example. Ensue, 1st Peter iii. 11, pursue.
Epistle, letter. Eschew, 1st Peter iii. 11, depart from. Espouse, 2nd Cor. xi.
2, engage to be married. Establish, Heb. xiii. 9, make firm. Estate, low, Luke i.
48, lowly state. Estates, chief, Mark vi. 21, first men. Eunuch, a stoneless
man. Evangelist, one who tells good tidings. Exorcists, Acts xix. 13, those who
pretended to cast out devils. Expedient, 2nd Cor. viii. 10, useful, of
advantage. Extortion, unjust exaction.
Fables, 2nd Tim. iv. 4, fictions. Faithless, be not, but believing; John xx. 27,
be not trustless but trustful. Fashion, Luke ix. 29, and James i. 11, appearance
; Acts vii. 44, pattern ; 1st Cor. vii. 31, plan ; Phil. ii. 8, form.
Fellowship, Phil. iii. 10, sharing in ; Acts ii. 42, probably, the giving of
gifts ; 1st Cor. i. 9 ; 1st John i. 3, association with. Flux, bloody ; a flow
of blood from the bowels. Froward, 1st Peter ii. 18, perverse.
Gainsay, Luke xxi. 15, reply to. Gainsayers, Titus i. 9, those who speak in
opposition. Gainsaying, Acts x. 29, objecting ; Jude 11, opposing speeches.
Gangrene, in margin of 2nd Tim. ii. 17, a deadly sore. Garner, granary. Garnish,
put in order, adorn. Gatherings, 1st Cor. xvi. 2, collections. Gender, beget.
Genealogies, 1st Tim. i. 4, family-records. Generation, Matt. i. 1, parentage ;
Matt. i. 17, men of like age, or of the same period ; Matt. iii. 7, offspring ;
Matt. xii. 39, men of like character. Gentiles, the nations, other than the
Hebrews. Gift, Matt. v. 23-24, gift-offering. Glistering, Luke ix. 29, flashing
like lightning. God forbid, by no means. Gorgeous, splendid. Gospel, good
tidings, good message. Grace, Rom. v. 20, merciful favour ; 1st Peter iv. 10,
gifts of merciful favour. Grounded, having a foundation on. Guile, deceit.
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Hallowed be, Matt. vi. 9, be held holy. Halt, Matt. xv. 31, xviii. 8, lame ;
those named with the lame seem to be the crippled in hand, from xviii. 8, "hand
or foot." Handmaid, Luke i. 38, 48, bond-servant. Heathen, those of the nations
not Hebrews. Heirs, sometimes, as in 1st Peter iii. 7, inheritors, in
possession. Hell, sometimes not the place of torment, but, as in Acts ii. 31, of
spirits absent from the body. Heresy, a self-willed plan. Heretic, one who
follows a self-willed plan. Heritage, 1st Peter v. 3, inheritance, possession.
Holy Ghost, Holy Spirit. Honour, sometimes, as in 1st Tim. v. 3, honour with a
gift. Hospitality, love shown to strangers. Husbandman, one who tills the
ground, farmer. Husbandry, God's, 1st Cor. iii. 9, God's tilled field.
Hypocrisy, false show. Hypocrite, one who makes a false show.
Idol, image. Idolatry, the worship of images. Illuminated, Heb. x. 32,
enlightened. Immortality ; in 1st Cor. xv. 53, this dying [body] must put on
life which cannot die. Immutability, Heb. vi. 17, changelessness. Impenitent,
Rom. ii. 5, unrepenting, without change of mind. Implacable, Rom. i. 31, never
at peace. Implead one another, Acts xix. 38, prosecute one another. Importunity,
shameless begging. Impotent, John v. 3, sick people ; Acts xiv. 8, strengthless.
Impute, reckon. Incontinence, want of self-restraint. Incorruptible, which
cannot perish. Incorruption, 1st Cor. xv. 53, life which cannot perish. This
perishing [body] must put on [life] which cannot perish. Infidel, 2nd Cor. vi.
15, 1st Tim. v. 8, one who does not trust. Infirmity, weakness. Iniquity, Matt.
xiii. 41, what is unlawful ; xxiii. 28, law-breaking, lawlessness ; Acts i. 18,
unrighteousness. Inordinate affection, Col. iii. 5, passionate desire. Instant,
Rom. xii. 12, persevering. Instantly, Luke vii. 4, Acts xxvi. 7, earnestly.
Insurrection, uprising, rebellion. Intercession, intreaty on behalf of others.
Interpret, Acts iv. 36, translate. Interpretation, 2nd Peter i. 20, prophetic
meaning. Issue, Matt. xxii. 25, offspring.
Jeopardy, danger. Judgment, sometimes as in James ii. 13, condemning judgment.
Justify, declare righteous. Justification, the declaring a person to be
righteous.
Kindred, relations of the same family, tribe, or race. Kinsfolk, Luke ii. 44,
xxi. 16, relations. Kinsman, John xviii. 26 ; Rom. xvi. 11, a relation.
Lasciviousness, lustfulness, gratified lust. Laud, extol. Lawyer, a teacher of
the Law of Moses. Lewdness, reckless wrong-doing. Life, often a life of
blessedness ; as in the words, eternal life. In Syriac, LIFE is used where the
Greek has SALVATION, and means a life of blessedness. Lineage, line of descent.
Low estate, Luke i. 48, lowly state. To lust, to long for eagerly. Lust, strong
and wrong desire.
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Magnificence, Acts xix. 27, great glory. Magnify, Luke i. 46, praise greatly.
Majesty, Heb. i. 3, greatness. Malefactor, wrong-doer. Malignity, Rom. i. 29,
crafty malice. Manifestation, Rom. viii. 19, revealing to sight. Manifold, Luke
xviii. 30, many times ; Eph. iii. 10, very much varied (wisdom) ; 1st Peter i.
6, iv. 10, various. Martyr, a witness-bearer. Master, often, teacher. Meat,
food. Mediator, one who stands between God and man ; to stay, as Aaron did, in
Num. xvi. 48, God's anger. For a memorial, to bring to memory. Messiah, a Hebrew
word, like Christ in Greek, the Anointed. Minister, servant. Ministration,
serving. Ministry, service. Mortal, dying. Mortality, that which dies. Mortify,
put to death. Multiply, to increase in number, or, Acts xii. 24, in effect.
Mystery, a secret.
Nations, the ; Luke xii. 30, those not Hebrews. Nay, no. Noisome, Rev. xvi. 2,
hurtful. Nurture, Eph. vi. 4, instruction.
Observation, Luke xvii. 20, outward watching for. Occasion, opportunity.
Offence, sometimes sin, as in 2nd Cor. xi. 7 ; transgression, as in Rom. v. 15 ;
sometimes a cause of stumbling, as in Rom. xvi. 17, and 1st Peter ii. 8. Offend,
often, to make stumble, as in Matt. v. 29 ; sometimes, to stumble, to be faulty,
as in James ii. 10 ; iii. 2. Omnipotent, almighty. Oracles, words. Ordain, 1st
Cor. vii. 17, Titus i. 5, arrange, appoint. Ordinances, commands. Overcharged,
Luke xxi. 34, be weighed down.
Palsy, now called paralysis. A parable, a comparison. Passion, after his ; Acts
i. 3, after he suffered death. Pastor, shepherd. Patience, sometimes as in Rom.
ii. 7, patient continuance ; sometimes, as in 2nd Cor. i. 6, bearing patiently.
Pentecost, fiftieth day after the Passover ; the feast of harvest-thanksgiving.
Perdition, destruction. Phylacteries, words of Scripture worn on the dress.
Potentate, mighty. Preach, Luke viii. 1, to tell good tidings ; Luke ix. 2, to
proclaim, to make proclamation ; Luke ix. 60, and Acts iv. 2, to make known ; or
announce ; Acts viii. 25, to speak. Predestinate, Rom. viii. 29, to destine
beforehand. Prevent, Matt. xvii. 25, to speak or act in advance of another.
Prophesy, 1st Cor. xiv. 3, to build up, admonish, or comfort by means of a
miraculous gift. Propitiation ; Rom. iii. 25, Heb. ii. 17, 1st John ii. 2, iv.
10, atonement. Proselytes, converts to the law of Moses. Provoke, to make angry
; but in Heb. x. 24, to urge onward ; in Rom. x. 19, xi. 14, to excite to
jealous zeal. Publican, a tax-collector. Purloin, Titus ii. 10, pilfer.
Quicken, to make alive, give life to.
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Receive, Rom. xiv. 1 ; Phil. ii. 29, embrace. Recompence of reward for
transgression, Heb. ii. 2, just repayment of punishment. Recompense to no one
evil for evil, Rom. xii. 17, repay, etc., also repay in 2nd Thess. i. 6 ; Heb.
x. 30. Redeem, set free by ransom ; Tit. ii. 14 ; 1st Peter i. 18 ; Rev. v. 9,
to buy ; and in Gal. iii. 13, iv. 5, to buy out (of curse.) Redemption, Heb. ix.
12, freedom by ransom. Regeneration, begetting again. This English word is used
only twice in the New Covenant Scriptures, and both times WRONGLY, instead of
NEW BIRTH. The Greek word in Matt. xix. 28, means the new birth (of the new
creation.) In Titus iii. 5, it also means new birth : --"By means of the bath of
new birth." The words probably refer to baptism, as the birth or manifestation
of that new life which the Holy Spirit begets beforehand, by means of God's
WORD. See 1st Peter i. 23, James i. 18. The divine act called begetting by Peter
and James in these passages, is called in Titus iii. 5, the renewing of the Holy
Spirit. The false rendering, "REGENERATION," claims SPECIAL ATTENTION. Because,
by means of it many teach that new life is BEGOTTEN BY BAPTISM, and deceive many
fatally. Remission, forgiveness (of sins.) Remnant, Rom. xi. 5, those who are
spared, a spared number ; in Matt. xxii. 6 ; Rev. xi. 13 ; xii. 17 ; xix. 21,
the rest. Repent, follow a new mind. Reprobate, false, counterfeit. Respect of
persons, wrong regard for persons. Restitution, Acts iii. 21, restoration.
Resurrection, rising up (from death.) Revenge, 2nd Cor. x. 6, punish. Rudiments,
Col. ii. 8, low-grade lessons.
Lord of sabbaoth, Lord of armies. Sabbath, (day of) rest. Sacrifice, a
slain-offering. Sacrilege, robbing a temple. Saints, holy ones. Salvation, the
Syriac uses the word LIFE, where the Greek has SALVATION. This shows how great
is the error of those who say that the promise of eternal life is merely the
promise of eternal existence, instead of the promise of a life of bliss.
Sanctify, make holy ; the death of Christ is said to make holy by the efficacy
of his sacrifice, Heb. ix. 13 ; x. 10 ; the Spirit is said to make holy, 2nd
Thess. ii. 13 ; and by means of God's truth, John xvii. 17. Sanctification, the
being made holy. Sanctuary, a holy place. Savour, sweet smell. Eph. v. 2, an
odour of sweet smell. Savourest not, Matt. xvi. 23, dost not approve of. Schism,
1st Cor. xii. 25, division, split. Scribes, learned writers. Scrip, bag for
food. Scripture, the writing ; some word like "holy," as expressed in Rom. i. 2,
and in 2nd Tim. iii. 15, is understood when the words "the writing" refer to
God's book. Secure you, Matt. xxviii. 14, free you from anxiety. Sedition, Acts
xxiv. 5, rebellion. Senate, the body of elders. Servant, sometimes a
bond-servant. Paul calls himself a bond-servant of Christ, Rom. i. 1. He calls
every Christian so, 1st Cor. vii. 22. Sinners are called bond-servants of sin,
Rom. vi. 16. Christians are forbidden to be bond-servants of men, because they
have been bought by Christ, 1st Cor. vii. 23. Settled, Col. i. 23, firmly
seated. Shambles, meat-market. Shew-bread, Matt. xii. 4, bread set before God.
Shrines, temples. Sleight, subtle arts. Sojourn, to dwell without fixed abode.
Soothsaying, pretence to foretell events. Sorcerer, one who uses arts of magic
to deceive. Spirits, 1st John iv. 1, men who said that the Holy Spirit spoke by
them. Stature, size of body. Strait, narrow. Straitened, to suffer from
narrowness. Straitest sect, Acts xxvi. 5, strictest sect. Straitly, strictly
(charge). Matt. ix. 30 ; Acts v. 28. Subvert, Titus i. 11, upset. Subverted,
Titus iii. 11, quite turned away. Succour, help. Succourer, helper.
Superscription, words written above. Superstitious, Acts xvii. 22, devoted to
the worship of demon gods. Sustenance, Acts vii. 11, food. Synagogue, a place of
meeting, Matt. xii. 9, for Jews ; James ii. 2, for Christians.